A law presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A law presentation - Essay Example High Court can be traced back to 1980 in the Capital of Australia, Canberra, where most sittings held there. High court exercises original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. The court interprets common law for the entire Australia. Its broad jurisdiction corresponds to Supreme Court of Canada. This makes it develop the common law consistently across all territories and states, which is the most significant role of the Court. The broad jurisdiction array allows the high court take the lead in Australian laws, and this contributes to uniformity and consistency in laws for different states.2 In this case, the plaintiff, TCL, manufactures air conditioners in China, and it entered into distributorship agreement with the Castel Co. that is registered in Australia. Dispute arose when Castel alleged of the agreement breach by TCL. As a result, Castel started arbitration in 2008 in pursuant of clause 12(1) of their agreement. The TCL opposed the claims and counter-claimed against Castel. When the two claims were presented in High Court, the arbitral tribunal came up with two awards.3 In December 2010, Castel was awarded $2.8M, and in January 2011, Castel was awarded $732,500, and it thereafter proceeded to federal court to enforce arbitral awards based on International Arbitration Act of 1974.2 On January 2012, justice Murphy held that Federal Court was jurisdicted to determine the application of Castel. This pursued the article 35 and 36 of the trade law of the United Nations Commission. The case proceeded to the final hearing, where Justice Murphy in April 2012 reserved the judgment. In July 2012, TCL filed a Show Cause Application. This sought for restraining the defendant from enforcing arbitral awards. In August 2012, Justice Gummow refereed the case in Full Court for the final hearing. Some of the considerations in the high count were the empowerment of an examiner to conduct

How to Achieve Happiness Essay -- Happiness Essays

"Most folks are as happy as they make up their minds to be." -- Abraham Lincoln According to Cambridge's Online Dictionary, happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy. There are a number of attributes that correlate with happiness: relationships and social interaction, extroversion, marital status, employment, health, democratic freedom, optimism, religious involvement, income, and proximity to other happy people. Because the concept of happiness is complex and hard to measure, many people believe that happiness is mysterious, elusive, and totally out of their control. This is not true. Actually, happiness is a choice. Each person can decide whether to be happy or not. Wilhelm von Humboldt, a German philosopher, said, â€Å"I am...

Associates vs Bachelor Degree in Nursing Essay

Bachelor degree nursing programs are highly regarded for the skilled, clinical thinking, and professionalism of nurses they provide for the community. Obtaining a baccalaureate in nursing provides the same skills and knowledge encompassed in most associate’s programs, while allowing a broadened look into research, public health, management, and humanities (AACN IENP, 2012). Many facilities are now providing incentives for nursing staff to continue their education; from tuition reimbursement, an increase in pay, and played time off for the sole purpose of education. Research has proven that with a more educated nursing populous there is a decrease in morality rates and medication errors, and it also provides more positive outcomes (AACN Fact Sheet, 2012). With such a high demand for nurses, the scope of nursing has become more comprehensive with a larger responsibility being placed on nurses. All of this has shown not only to the medical field but also policymakers and other leaders of the community that a higher level of education not only makes a difference, but many feel it should be a requirement. The difference between a baccalaureate and associates degree program may seem obscure at first, but looking into the information and research that students learn in a four year program verses a three year program can be shocking. When looking into the core requisites needed to graduate with a bachelors verses an associates, some obvious differences are the higher levels of English, math, communication, and pathophysiology required to graduate with a BSN. Also, the higher level course work required to complete a bachelors shows the necessity of critical thinking and research a nurse needs to even graduate. Once past the prerequisites required for a bachelor’s in nursing we have to exam the nursing course work itself. As stated before, most of the associates program is incorporated in a bachelors degree; with an associates the clinical experience is more limited to the clinical setting hospitals, nursing skilled facilities, and rehab centers, where as many bachelors programs also included public and community projects. Bachelors programs also put a broader focus on ethics, religion and spirituality, research, global awareness and public health, as well as nursing leadership and management (GCU, n. d. ). Nursing care is focused on the assessment, nursing diagnoses, planning, implementation, and evaluation of patients. This nursing process can also be implemented in aspects outside of nursing and on the nursing field as a collective group. The nursing role is evolving, following the process the outcomes have to be evaluated and put into perspective. Research is being completed the conclusions are all the same, the higher education of nursing care the better the patient outcomes. In an article published in Health Services Research in August 2008 that examined the effect of nursing practice environments on outcomes of hospitalized cancer patients undergoing surgery, Dr. Christopher Friese and colleagues found that nursing education level was significantly associated with patient outcomes. Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate-level were linked with lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rates. The authors conclude that â€Å"moving to a nurse workforce in which a higher proportion of staff nurses have at least a baccalaureate-level education would result in substantially fewer adverse outcomes for patients. † (AACN Fact Sheet, 2012) A Jewish patient is awaiting discharge after receiving an open heart procedure. The difference a bachelor’s educated nurse and an associate degree nurse may have on the patient can be profound in this scenario. A bachelors nurse will have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this patient’s condition, instead of providing instruction on just the patient after care of the procedure the higher level education will allow the nurse to incorporate teaching of the patient’s condition that brought along the cause of the procedure, the nurse will be provide a broader education base to help the patient better understand the treatment and the conditions that they may face. The bachelors nurse will be able to better identify environmental factors, diet and exercise factors, and other stresses that could be changed to promote health wellness for the patient. The bachelors nurse will be more aware of community based health assistance and programs that will help the patient make more positive health changes. The bachelors nurse will be more aware of the patient’s religious requirements and needs, this may help the patient in making better overall health and wellness decisions. Also, BSN nurses have a more in-depth education in regards to ethics and religion, this may provide a more trusting bond between the nurse and patients allowing the patient to see that the nurse is there for providing care not only in his treatment but all aspects of the patient’s wellbeing. The history of nursing provides a great foundation and view on how nursing came into existence and how nursing has always strived for higher education. Before World War II great strides were made for university nursing programs, with the onset of war and the need for nurses, diploma and associates nursing found its place (Creasia and Friberg, 2011). Many feel that the nursing shortage is the reason that diploma and associates nurses programs still exist. Though, with the growing population that has increasing comorbidities it is more important than ever for nurses to have higher education. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2012. Fact Sheet: Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/NursingWorkforce. pdf American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2012. The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Creasia and Friberg. (2011). Conceptual foundations: The bridge to professional nursing practice. (5th ed. ) St. Louis, Missourit: Mosby Inc. Retrieved from http://pageburstls. elsevier. com/#/books/978-0-323-06869-7/pages/47247567 Grand Canyon University. (n. d. ). Registered Nurse to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (RN to BSN). Retrieved from http://www. gcu. edu/degree-programs/registered-nurse-to-bachelor-of-science-in-nursing.

Creative Dance - 7322 Words

CREATIVE DANCE History of Creative Dance Creative dance is perceived differently by different sectors of the education system. In many provinces, creative dance is part of the physical education curriculum. More recently, two provinces— British Columbia and Saskatchewan— have considered placing dance under the rubric of arts education. The aspect of creative dance that is emphasized reï ¬â€šects the position creative dance is assigned in the curriculum. When in the physical education curriculum, creative dance lessons typically focus on development of the motor skills involved, with little concern for the experience’s aesthetic potential. In arts education, the primary focus is creative dance’s aesthetic potential. Advocates view creative dance†¦show more content†¦The creative arts help students to: * gain confidence and a positive self-esteem * learn problem solving skills * make discoveries about themselves, their friends, and the world around them * learn cooperation by working toge ther as a group * learn to respect each other’s unique style * learn spontaneity, leadership, and self-control * develop creativity * gain physical strength, flexibility, and stamina * develop good posture, balance, and coordination through dance exercises and yoga postures Combining dance technique with the art of expression gives students the necessary tools to express their feelings through movement. Students develop dance skills, through traditional modern and ballet exercises, providing them with a strong foundation in dance technique. They develop creative skills as they are encouraged to explore the different qualities of movement in relation to space, time, force, and flow. As they explore, they become aware of their different body parts and how they can move them, discover new ways of moving, create designs, and express feelings. Yoga postures and stories and relaxation techniques are integrated into the class to connect body, mind, and spirit. Creative Dance as an Art form Creative dance is an art form that provides potential for the expression of personal and universal qualities. Through its use of nonverbal communication, dance givesShow MoreRelatedCreative Dance And Social Development Of Preschoolers980 Words   |  4 PagesCreative Dance and Social Development of Preschoolers The social development of children has long lasting implication is a child’s life a few examples are: social interactions, view on school, ability to cope with anger, sharing, and maintaining friendships. There are few scientific studies that have researched how creative dance can positively affect social development of children especially preschoolers. This paper will examine and critique the strengths and weaknesses of the study conducted byRead MoreIntroduction . Dance And Creative Movement In The Classroom4608 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Dance and creative movement in the classroom are robust teaching tools that ensure students retain and think critically about academic content. â€Å"Creative dance has the potential to open up new worlds for†¦students† (Gilbert p. 3). Incorporating movement into the classroom is simple. First, movement comes naturally to every child born in every culture, according to Jennings (2017). Jennings stated that children naturally move when they hear movement and rhythm. As a mother, I feltRead MoreBlack Creative Production ( Music, Dance Theater ) Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Creative Production (music, dance theater) The author is talking about the political play ‘Autumn’, which introduced the audience to the inside world of politics. The story revolves around the character mayor Franklyn played by Jerome Preston Bates. Bates character is self-centered, greedy, and will go after anyone who opposes him to destroy their lives. Franklyn advisor Zack knows about the shady deals and is uncomfortable with the situation. In addition, Franklyn’s wife Melissa knows ofRead MoreIntegration Of Creative Movement And Dance Into The General Education Classroom4523 Words   |  19 PagesIntegration of Creative Movement and Dance into the General Education Classroom: A Robust Approach Jessica Stabler Lesley University Graduate School of Education EARARTS Professor May 16, 2017 INTEGRATION OF CREATIVE MOVEMENT 2 Introduction Dance and creative movement in the classroom are robust teaching tools that ensure students retain and think critically about academic content. â€Å"Creative dance has the potential to open up new worlds for†¦students† (Gilbert p. 3). Incorporating movementRead More Dance In Public School Curricular Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pages DANCE IN PUBLIC SCHOOL CURRICULA nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dancing is a form of art that allows many children to express themselves through body motion while developing many skills. Children throughout the world have been dancing since the day they began walking. When a child to take their first steps and puts together the simplest combination of movements, that would be considered as dancing. Music also plays a major role in the development of children understanding dance, because it is canRead MoreFluidity Of Movement By Maryna Smoliana1275 Words   |  6 Pagesfashion, dance and many others. What does it actually mean to express yourself? Expressing yourself and your emotions means showing the world who you are. Expressing yourself means sharing little parts of yourself with the once you love and trust, which means being vulnerable and being able to accept that feeling. Being vulnerable could be a tough and unpleasant feeling, however, it helps make the person stronger and more confident in who they are and how t hey express themselves. Dance is a formRead MoreDance Is The Most Beautiful, Graceful, And Expressive Of Art Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDance is one of the most beautiful, graceful, and expressive of art forms known to the human race. It allows you to convey anything you want within dance, which there is no correct way to do so. Dance not only can express how one feels, but it can tell a story in which you would want to share. Over the course of time dance has intricately played an important role to all cultures today. The two forms of dance, ballet and modern have not only stood against the test of time with each other but haveRead MoreWhy New Dance 2017?1222 Words   |  5 PagesWhy New Dance 2017 It was fascinated to be on UAA theatre and dance present the new dance 2017 program. Also, I had gain fabulous experience to be able dance with fifty-eight different dancers and experienced to be on new dance show with ten diverse dances. The reason for me to made my mind to be on show like this is to experience and learn various dance move, having more control of body balance and built more self confident by interact with audiences. The whole interest was came from the modernRead MoreCompare Nureyev to Baryshnikov1644 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ IN-DEPTH ASSIGNMENT â€Å"Dance, when you re broken open. Dance, if you ve torn the bandage off. Dance in the middle of the fighting. Dance in your blood. Dance when you re perfectly free.† Famous philosopher Rumi made an excellent point especially when concerning the lives of Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov. They both danced through war, they danced through heart ache, and they danced through tears. Even though Nureyev, born March 17, 1938, lived through an earlier period of time thanRead MoreDance Is An Expression Of Oneself Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesPaper MLA. â€Å"Dance is an expression of oneself,† says many artists. There is the keyword: â€Å"artists†. Many ask, â€Å"Is dance a sport or an art?†. Is it? There has been much recent speculation on whether dance is a sport or an art. Dancers are athletes. Dancers endure much of the intense training that people who are considered athletes do. Dance is also a bodily way to express yourself meaning that it is an art. Dance can be seen from two very different spectrums: an art and a sport. Dance does fall into

Relations Between Russia And Cuba Essay - 2254 Words

It is an exciting time in the history of the United States and Cuba. For the first time in 50 years, the U.S. will send an ambassador to Cuba to serve as the head of the Embassy of the United States in Havana. As an expert policy analyst for the Council on Foreign Relations, you have been called upon to give advice on the issue of Russian spy bases reportedly reopening in Cuba against the backdrop of normalizing U.S.-Cuba relations. According to anonymous sources at the Department of Homeland Security, Cuba and Russia reached an agreement to reopen the previously Soviet-run Lourdes signal intelligence base in Cuba, located 150 miles from the U.S. Ambassador Jeff DeLaurentis and his team has hired your department at the Council on Foreign Relations to participate in discussions about policy decisions. By analyzing the historical significance of relations between Russia and Cuba and taking into consideration the interest each side has for one another, we can better understand the impl ication U.S. policies in Cuba may have. Former Ambassador to the OAS Sol M. Linowitz advocated for the restoration of relations when he declared in 1991, â€Å"What all this comes down to is that we are at a moment of truth in the Americas. It is not only that the United States and Latin America need each other in order to confront critical domestic and international challenges. It is also that we now have (for the first time in memory) a truly historic opportunity to construct a responsibleShow MoreRelatedCuban-Russian Relations1710 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship dating back to before Fidel Castro’s installment into power, Russia and Cuba have both played major roles in the development and regression of each other’s economies and societies. The first official diplomatic relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba began developing during World War II, in 1943. With the establishment of the first Soviet embassy by Maxim Litvinov, stationed in Havana, Cuba; this was after Cuba gained its independence from the United States in 1902 and the RussianRead MoreCuban and U.S. Relations Essay example1098 Words   |  5 PagesCuban and U.S. Relations From the time, Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba tensions ran high between the Cuban government and the United States government. Relations between Cuba and the United States grew during Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. Not as much during the Eisenhower administration as the Kennedy administration did tensions between between the two countries intensify. Kennedy faced many a different situations as President. He faced such situations like the Bay of PigsRead MoreU.s. Cuba Relations : A Discussion Of Constructivism And Realism1329 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. – Cuba Relations: A Discussion of Constructivism and Realism During the Cold War, relations between Cuba and the United States were icy. Cuba was allied with the USSR, America’s enemy, and was well within their sphere of influence. With events like the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis happening on their soil, Cuba was at the center of the Cold War. Between ideological differences and their alliance with Russia, Cuba became an enemy of America as well. It took the effortsRead MoreRelations between the Superpowers between 1959 and the Summer of 19621056 Words   |  5 PagesRelations between the Superpowers between 1959 and the Summer of 1962 1) Describe how relations between the superpowers worsened between 1959 and the summer of 1962. The allies were divided after defeating Germany and the relationship between superpowers worsened between 1959 and 1962. These two nations became the superpowers because they had greater military and economic resources than anyone else. They had tried to embarrass, humiliate and defeat each other in everythingRead MoreInternational Relations, Realism, Liberalism, And Constructivism944 Words   |  4 PagesThe previous three weeks, we have learned a lot about the fundamentals on International Relations and the various theories and practices applied to the real world. When discussing the basic theories of international relations, realism, liberalism, and constructivism, we can apply these to some of the most prominent leaders in our world. In regards to Russia s President, Vladimir Putin, the theoretical perspective he best embodies is realism. According to the theory of realism, the states believeRead MoreThe Warming Of Relations Between Cuba And The United States1285 Words   |  6 PagesA controversial subject,yet not spoken about enough,the warming of relations between Cuba and the U.S exists only due to the two countries having a rough past with each other. This â€Å"rough past† consists of aspects such as the protectorate status the U.S had previously put onto Cuba, which severely limited their independence and the U.S had, ironically, just helped them achieve. Some take a stance that we as countries should stay distant from each other due to our vast governmental and cultural differencesRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis756 Words   |  4 PagesCrisis Between 1959 and 1962 relations between USA and Cuba deteriorated. Up until 1959, America had kept General Batista in power over Cuba and had strong links, especially in trade. Castro’s ascent to power in 1959 triggered the short-term events contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the cold relationship between the two great superpowers: America and Russia. This had been going on sinceRead MoreSoviet Union And The Cold War1660 Words   |  7 PagesThis statement has seemingly remained truthful from the point when Soviet Russia and America worked together to stem, and eventually end, the tide of Nazi Germany’s imperialistic overthrow of Europe. Since the end of World War II to the present day, relations between Russia and America have declined due to the Cold War, improved due to Russia s transition to democracy, and are reverting back to Cold War standards in relation to political involvement and economic standards, while remaining improvedRead MoreEssay on Rfks 13 Days619 Words   |  3 PagesCuban missile crisis. He vividly recalls the thirteen days between October 16 and October 28, 1962. Within these thirteen days, havoc and stress faced the White House, especially to Senator RFK and his brother, President John F. Kennedy. The story is about the handling of the crisis by one brother and the personal account of the other. The two w orked together to keep America and the world safe. p The story focuses on the conflict between the two giant atomic nations, the United States and theRead MoreHistorical Timeline Of East West Relationship Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesHitler of Germany, the climate of distrust between the United Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR) and the west led by the United States of America (USA) still continued after the world war. Prior to the world war two, there were tensions between the USSR and the USA over the refusal of the Americans to recognize the government of the Bolshevik regime in 1933, and to further deteriorate things joseph Stalin had signed a pact with Germany’s Hitler which allowed Russia to annex the Baltic states (Lithuania

Early Childhood Development The Psychoanalytic Theories...

Play is one of the most critical aspect of a child development. Play will positively affect a child physical, cognitive, emotional and social development. Children learns various skills through play that will benefit them for the rest of their life. Play helps children develop vocabulary and literacy capability, social skills. Research shows that children benefit, both from guided and unstructured play. Specialists define guided play as play structured to teach academic skills and concepts (Roskos, Tabors, and Lenhart 2004). Two major theories explain on the importance of play in early childhood development, the Psychoanalytic theories and the constructivist theories. The constructivist view focuses on play as a mean for children to construct knowledge. Through play children can experience pleasant and unpleasant situations (Charlesworth, 2011). Vygotsky emphasizes on representational play. for Vygotsky, the fantasy play in early part of a child’s life is critical for their d evelopment (Charlesworth, R. 2011). Representational play and the help of adults can help children creates a Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD) where children can build on of their skills and develop new skills. Through play children can pretend to be whatever they want without fear of rejection, or punishment. Play is critical for children to develop and practice new language skills (Han, Moore, Vukelich, and Buell). A study of 118 low performing students, trying to understand how children’sShow MoreRelatedThe Physical Development Of Children1739 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay consists of a critique of the major theories in relation to the development of children from birth to three years and if they apply to all children’s development. The physical development of children is explored by Freud. His theory displays children at a very young age, showing interest in their own bodies, as he believes they receive pleasure from exploring their genital area. This sexual fixation is started at infancy when the infant takes nourishment and pleasure from suckling milkRead MorePsychoanalytic Theories Of Human Development3318 Words   |  14 Pagesenvironments or thoughts. There are many different influences within society that may impact on human development. Human development occurs over three different factors which can relate to one another of affect each other, these are biological, cog nitive and psychological. Biological meaning human growth, physical changes within the human body for example maturation and growth. Cognitive due to the development of an individual mentally through learning, memory, imaging, ways of thinking and problem solvingRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Development1536 Words   |  7 PagesExperts have spent centuries attempting to obtain the secrets of human development and identify the exact science behind it. Experts have not been able to discover any exact influences of normal human development, nor have they been able to uncover the exact causes of developmental abnormalities (Disabilities). What they have found can seem quite confusing and has caused much debate among those trying to tackle the answer to the question. Is ones developmental trajectory determined by the highnessRead More#NAME?1749 Words   |  7 Pages- His theories on learning is referred to as constructivist approach. - he said that children built up their own thoughts on experiences they had and what they saw. He felt that learning was ongoing and children need to adapt. - Information contradicts their conclusion e.g. children may have milk in a pink tommie sippy but then have juice instead of milk in a pink tommie sippy they would reconsider that other drinks come in a pink tommie sippy not just milk. - piaget grouped children’s learningRead MoreEssay on the Moral Development of Children, Through the Ages and Stages; Referring to Kohlberg and Lickona.2197 Words   |  9 Pageshundreds of comments and decisions that involve moral reasoning. Knowing how and when to respond, requires the teacher to understand the theory and principles underlying the process of moral development. There are several theories and principles by psychologists related to the process of moral development. Freud, a social theorist, proposed a psychoanalytic theory where children form a conscience or superego through identification with the same sex parent (Cole Cole, 1996). A child would behave morallyRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pages02-EdPsy-Chap02-6123 8/22/06 2 3:33 PM Page 32 Physical and Cognitive Development Preview Examining the shape of children’s development allows us to understand it better. Every childhood is distinct, and is the first chapter in a new biography. This chapter is about children’s physical and cognitive development. These are some of the questions we will explore: †¢ Do children develop in distinct stages, or is their development smoother and more continuous? †¢ How do children develop physically, andRead MorePersonal Factors That Influence A Childa â‚ ¬ Tms Development2282 Words   |  10 PagesThere are numerous dissimilar personal factors that influence a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TMs development For instance disability i.e. Physical * Wheelchair bound * Cerebral Palsy * Downs Syndrome * Cystic Fibrosis Even though schools nowadays go an extra mile in accommodating physically disabled children in mainstream education and providing the same opportunities for learning and development for everyone, wheelchair bound children i.e. can be potentially held up in their physical progression. A limited control ofRead MorePlay Worker Level 35061 Words   |  21 PagesCYP 3.1 Understand child and young person development 1.2. Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important. Some aspects of Development follow a definite sequence. This is particular true when it comes to physical development for example, babies have to learn to lift their heads before they can sit; toddlers have to walk before they can run. It is also the case in other areas such as communication as, for example, a baby recogniseRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pageslapse in time between their original publication and the printing of this volume, have become obsolete and no longer correspond to the present state of my investigations.** Thus, in the case of partial changes in my orientation, or simply of new developments, or even when recent contributions to the field by other authors had to be accounted for, I have preferred toupdate merely by adding notes (rather long ones when necessary) instead of modifying the original texts. †  * Originally published in

Various Laboratory Tests on Cement Free Essays

VARIOUS LAB TEST ON CEMENT: Checking of materials is an essential part of civil engineering as the life of structure is dependent on the quality of material used. Following are the tests to be conducted to judge the quality of cement. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Various Laboratory Tests on Cement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fineness 2. Soundness 3. Consistency 4. Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement FINENESS OF CEMENT: We need to determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving as per IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1996. The principle of this is that we determine the proportion of cement whose grain size is larger than specified mesh size. Apparatus: The apparatus used are ) 75Â µm IS Sieve ii) Balance capable of weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg iii) A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40mm iv) bristle, for cleaning the sieve Figure No. Sieve No. 200 Procedure to determine fineness of cement: i) Weigh approximately 10g of cement to the nearest 0. 01g and place it on the sieve. ii) Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movements, until no more fine material passes through it. iii) Weigh the residue and express its mass as a percentage R1,of the quantity first placed on the sieve to the nearest 0. 1 percent. v) Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve. v ) Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate R as the mean of R1 and R2 as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0. 1 percent. When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values. Reporting of Results: Report the value of R, to the nearest 0. 1 percent, as the residue on the 90Â µm sieve. Test To Check Soundness Of Cement: SOUNDNESS : Soundness of cement is determined by Le-Chatelier method as per IS: 4031 (Part 3) – 1988. Apparatus – The apparatus for conducting the Le-Chatelier test should conform to IS: 5514 – 1969 Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1. 0g and Water bath. Procedure to determine soundness of cement i) Place the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with the cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0. 78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. ii) Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 Â ± 2oC and keep it there for 24hrs. ii) Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0. 5mm (say d1 ). iv) Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above. Bring the water to boiling point in 25 to 30 minutes and keep it boiling for 3hrs. v) Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the indicator points (say d2 ) . vi) (d2 – d1 ) represents the expansion of cement. Test To Check Consistency Of Cement : CONSISTENCY : The basic aim is to find out the water content required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency as specified by the IS: 4031 (Part 4) – 1988. The principle is that standard consistency of cement is that consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom of Vicat mould. Apparatus – Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976, Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1. 0g, Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982. Procedure to determine consistency of cement i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water. The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes. ii) Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel. ii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface. iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste. v) Note the reading on the gauge. vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm. Reporting of Results Express the amount of water as a percentage of the weight of dry cement to the first place of decimal. Test To Check Initial And Final Setting Time Of Cement : INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME : We need to calculate the initial and final setting time as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988. To do so we need Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976, Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1. 0g, Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982. Procedure to determine initial and final setting time of cement : i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0. 85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement. iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block. A)Â  INITIAL SETTING TIME : Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently in order to make contact with the surface of the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it to penetrate the test block. Repeat the procedure till the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5. 0 Â ± 0. 5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The time period elapsing between the time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle fails to pierce the test block by 5. 0 Â ± 0. mm measured from the bottom of the mould, is the initial setting time. B)Â  FINAL SETTING TIME : Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment. The cement should be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression therein, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block, while the attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time. How to cite Various Laboratory Tests on Cement, Essay examples